Filling a glass for a cold drink of water or taking a refreshing shower at the end of the day is routine for most of us, but being savvy about what’s coming out of the faucet is vital for health. From private wells to municipal tap, water quality can vary widely and often contain heavy metals, chlorine byproducts, bacteria and PFAS—per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, commonly known as “forever chemicals”.

“Clean water is one of the most important foundations of health. The key is not simply purchasing a filter, but selecting a treatment system that is matched to the unique characteristics of your water supply,” says Level 5 Water Quality Specialist Roy M. Speiser, vice president of Clean Water Revival, Inc., in Stuart, Florida. With numerous options on the market, choosing a water filtration system can feel a little daunting, but the next step to cleaner water can be much easier with some understanding of what is in the well.

 

Key Considerations

Experts recommend beginning with a certified lab test or an annual Water Quality Report (also known as a Consumer Confidence Report or CCR) from the local water supplier for details on levels of contaminants and treatments. Compromised water quality is not usually noticed until an unpleasant taste, odor or discoloration alerts us to problems, but many contaminants are invisible and cannot be detected by sight, smell or taste alone.

After reviewing hundreds of municipal Water Quality Reports, Speiser has identified more than 40 contaminants that are commonly detected in U.S. water supplies. Aside from PFAS, heavy metals and chlorine, he lists the disturbing presence of arsenic, uranium and radioactive elements, pharmaceuticals, microplastics, chemical fluoride and disinfection byproducts. He notes, “While many are present at levels that meet current regulatory standards, questions remain regarding long-term exposure from drinking, cooking, bathing and showering.”

One of the most common misconceptions is that a single filter can remove everything. Sometimes combining multiple filtration systems is recommended. According to Brian Campbell, founder of Water Filter Guru and certified water specialist in Denver, Colorado, “There is no such thing as a one-size-fits-all solution to water treatment. Different water issues require different treatment processes. Buying water treatment equipment without lab data is like shooting in the dark, and you may end up with equipment you don’t need or not get the right equipment for the job.”

 

Filtration Systems at a Glance

Gravity-fed systems include countertop and portable models with charcoal filters that work by positioning the source water higher than the destination, creating the necessary pressure to push the liquid through the filters. These systems do not require a plumbing connection. While effective at improving taste and removing dissolved, organic contaminants, they are less effective at removing inorganic contaminants like lead, fluoride, arsenic and nitrates. Many brands lack third-party certification and fail to meet National Sanitation Foundation/American National Standards Institute (NSF/ANSI) standards. Some people use this type of system as one stage in a multistage water treatment system.

Reverse-osmosis (RO) systems force pressurized tap water through a semi-permeable membrane that removes up to 99 percent of dissolved solids. They are recommended for the removal of contaminants such as chromium-6, perchlorate, uranium and certain PFAS compounds. These systems are considered one of the most highly effective methods of water purification. Countertop models provide broad contaminant reduction without the need for permanent installation.

One disadvantage is that hard water needs to be pre-treated, especially with countertop units, as filtering hard water will cause scale to form on the internal components, pump and membrane, leading to premature failure. Look for systems that meet NSF/ANSI standards for specific contaminants that need to be reduced. Not all RO systems perform equally; membrane quality and pre-filtration stages are critical. Systems designed to address chloramine, PFAS and heavy metals provide more comprehensive treatment than entry-level units.

Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection systems are commonly recommended for private well water or water from an untreated spring, which do not typically receive chemical disinfection. These systems provide an additional layer of protection against bacteria, viruses and certain microorganisms. While UV treatment is generally not necessary for most municipally treated water supplies, it may be beneficial for individuals with compromised immune systems or for homes drawing water from higher-risk surface water sources that may contain parasites. UV works only with water that is clear. Because UV light travels in a straight line, any suspended debris, cloudiness or discoloration can physically scatter the rays, allowing microorganisms to pass through unharmed. Using upstream filtration to address turbidity is vital to improve effectiveness.

 

Maya Whitman is a frequent writer for Natural Awakenings.

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